International Reading Association

During our last department meeting, many teachers expressed concerns about the decline in proficient readers. This is a concern I have heard over and over again. When I went to the TRLD conference this past January, I went to a really informative session on developing confident, eager, and fluent readers. During the session, the presenter, Scott Marfilius made the comment that EVERY TEACHER needs to be a reading teacher. In a way, I agree. While reading tasks may differ from content areas, subject-specific teachers have the opportunity and qualifications to teach students how to actively think about texts in their particular classes. During the session, Scott presented effective reading comprehension strategies and before/during/after reading strategies. If you are interested in how to incorporate reading strategies into your content area please come see me.

One other great find is the International Reading Association podcast. Listen and let me know what you think.

Two Million Minutes

I came across an article for this new documentary, Two Million Minutes. It looks extremely intriguing, and makes me think about many ideas Alan November presented at our curriculum day. Are we preparing our students the best that we can for a 21st century world? Are we falling behind? Are we using all the resources available to us to help our students become 21st century critical thinkers and readers? If we are, how? If we aren't, why? I hope this flick comes to Honolulu! In the meantime, I think these are important questions we should be asking ourselves. Here is the trailer...

A little more from the Brain Conference

Do you have a fixed mindset or a growth mindset? One the presentations that I really enjoyed was Carol Dweck's keynote about mindsets. For much of my life I have lived with a fixed mindset. During my middle and high school years, I convinced myself that I was not as smart as others or, on my really pretentious days, smarter than others. This thinking was a direct product of my environment. Everyday, there was chatter surrounding class rankings, SAT scores, intelliengence quotient, grades, and so on. I don't think it was until college, or maybe until I started teaching that I truly valued learning as an opportunity for growth. I think that most teachers want their students to relish in learning, but some students may not know how. Teaching students about growth mindsets seems invaluable. The results from Carol Dweck's work support that notion.

Below is an article published by the Standford New's Service regarding Carol Dweck's work:

Stanford Report, February 7, 2007

New study yields instructive results on how mindset affects learning

BY LISA TREI

When psychology Professor Carol Dweck was a sixth-grader at P.S. 153 in Brooklyn, N.Y., she experienced something that made her want to understand why some people view intelligence as a fixed trait while others embrace it as a quality that can be developed and expanded.

Dweck's teacher that year, Mrs. Wilson, seated her students around the room according to their IQ. The girls and boys who didn't have the highest IQ in the class were not allowed to carry the flag during assembly or even wash the blackboard, Dweck said. "She let it be known that IQ for her was the ultimate measure of your intelligence and your character," she said. "So the students who had the best seats were always scared of taking another test and not being at the top anymore."

Asked what seat number Dweck occupied during that memorable year, the professor paused, and silently raised her right index finger. "But it was an uncomfortable thing because you were only as good as your last test score," she said. "I think it had just as negative an effect on the kids at the top [as those at the bottom] who were defining themselves in those terms."

From that experience, Dweck became fascinated with intelligence, convinced that IQ tests are not the only way to measure it. "I also became very interested in coping with setbacks, probably because being in that classroom made me so concerned about not slipping, not failing," she said.

Dweck, a soft-spoken, elegantly attired woman, joined Stanford's faculty in 2004 as the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor. Before that, she taught at Columbia for 15 years, as well as at Harvard and the University of Illinois. A native New Yorker, Dweck earned a bachelor's degree from Columbia and a doctorate in psychology from Yale.

According to Dweck, people's self-theories about intelligence have a profound influence on their motivation to learn. Students who hold a "fixed" theory are mainly concerned with how smart they are—they prefer tasks they can already do well and avoid ones on which they may make mistakes and not look smart. In contrast, she said, people who believe in an "expandable" or "growth" theory of intelligence want to challenge themselves to increase their abilities, even if they fail at first.

Dweck's research about intelligence and motivation, and how they are variously influenced by fixed and growth mindsets, has attracted attention from teachers trying to help underperforming students, parents concerned with why their daughters get turned off math and science, and even sports coaches and human-resources managers intent on helping clients reach higher levels of achievement.

The journal Child Development is releasing a paper Wednesday, Feb. 7, co-authored by Dweck titled "Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention." The research shows how at one New York City junior high school students' fixed and growth theories about intelligence affected their math grades. Over two years, she said, students with a fixed mindset experienced a downward academic trend while the others moved ahead.

The psychologists then designed an eight-week intervention program that taught some students study skills and how they could learn to be smart—describing the brain as a muscle that became stronger the more it was used. A control group also learned study skills but were not taught Dweck's expandable theory of intelligence. In just two months, she said, the students from the first group, compared to the control group, showed marked improvement in grades and study habits.

"What was important was the motivation," Dweck said. "The students were energized by the idea that they could have an impact on their mind." Dweck recalled a young boy who was a ringleader of the troublemakers. "When we started teaching this idea about the mind being malleable, he looked up with tears in his eyes, and he said, 'You mean, I don't have to be dumb?'" she said. "A fire was lit under him."

Later on, the researchers asked the teachers to single out students who had shown positive changes. They picked students who were in the growth mindset group, even though they didn't know two groups existed. Among them was the former troublemaker, who "was now handing in his work early so he could get feedback and revise, plus study for tests, and had good grades," Dweck said. The research showed how changing a key belief—a student's self-theory about intelligence and motivation—with a relatively simple intervention can make a big difference. Since then, Dweck and her colleagues at Columbia have developed a computer-based version of the intervention, dubbed "Brainology," that has been tested in 20 New York City schools.

Although "Brainology" is not yet commercially available, Dweck has brought her work to public attention with her latest book, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. The author of many academic books and articles, Dweck noted Mindset was her first foray into mainstream publishing. "My students [at Columbia] kept saying to me, 'You write for these professional journals and that's important, but what about people in the world?' We are in a profession that talks to each other and writes for each other. That's what we're rewarded for. But my students kept saying, 'Everybody should know this.'"

Mindset certainly resonated with Ross Bentley, a world-renowned car racing coach based in Seattle. Unlike coaches who stress technical skills, Bentley focuses on teaching mental competitiveness. He said great drivers strive to attain "a state of flow—a moment when you lose yourself in the act of driving, when it becomes effortless and time slows down. When you get into the flow, or the zone, you're at your peak."

Bentley was thrilled to learn that Dweck's research confirmed his personal approach to coaching. "One of the things that's fascinating for me is that someone with her knowledge has verified things I've known," he said. "She brings a scientific approach and we're able to give her real-world experience. The majority of champion racing drivers have a growth mindset."

This month, Dweck and Bentley are launching a study of about 40 racing-car drivers to learn how applying a growth mindset approach improves their speed times during the 2007 racing season. Bentley explained that car races can last hours and drivers may lose their concentration at pivotal points, making it possible to lose a race by only a few seconds. The objective of coaching is to help drivers recover quickly and maintain an optimal state of flow, he said. The research, carried out by psychology graduate student Fred Leach, will use surveys to gauge the mindset of drivers before, during and after races to see if there is a correlation with their race results, Bentley said. "The goal is to build a growth mindset," he said.

In addition to sports coaches, parents and teachers have written to Dweck to say that Mindset has given them new insight into their children and students. "One very common thing is that often very brilliant children stop working because they're praised so often that it's what they want to live as—brilliant—not as someone who ever makes mistakes," she said. "It really stunts their motivation. Parents and teachers say they now understand how to prevent that—how to work with low-achieving students to motivate them and high-achieving students to maximize their efforts." The point is to praise children's efforts, not their intelligence, she said.

Last year, Dweck taught a freshman seminar based on Mindset. She chose 16 students from more than 100 who applied, selecting those who expressed personal motivation rather than intelligence. "You can impress someone with how smart you are or how motivated you are, and I picked students who expressed their motivation," she said.

It turned out that embracing a growth mindset was critical to the students' transition to Stanford. The freshmen loved being on campus and quickly became involved in activities, Dweck said, but failed to anticipate the approach of midterm exams. "They were just really overwhelmed," she said. "How did they deal with it? They told me they would have dealt with it poorly, thinking they weren't smart or were not meant to be at Stanford. But knowing about the growth mindset allowed them to realize that they hadn't learned how to be a college student yet. They were still learning how to be successful as a Stanford student." Dweck described the seminar as a "peak experience" in her long teaching career. "The students were fantastic," she said.

Dweck continues to conduct research into what motivates people and what holds them back. Based on the success of Mindset, which is being published in nine countries, Dweck has been asked to collaborate on other non-academic projects involving business and sports. "I'm such an egghead," she said with a smile. "My book was my first foray into the real world. Articles go out into the [academic] field and it's very gratifying, but a book goes to all corners of the earth. People take a lot from it, and they introduce themselves into your life."

Dweck's work is to be featured on National Public Radio and in New York magazine. She also will present her research at the upcoming annual meeting in San Francisco of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

A little something from the Brain Conference

I'm still trying to process everything that I learned at the Brain Conference. Here is just one reflective sample.

Last week I was fortunate enough to attend "The Learning and The Brain Conference" held in San Francisco. This conference is put on twice a year, bringing together teachers, administrators, and leading neuroscientists from all around the country. This year the conference focused on using brain research to enhance learning, attention, and memory.

One recurring theme that seemed to permeate throughout the conference was the impact of stress on brain function and learning. Many researchers spoke about the physiological responses to an over-activation of the fight or flight response. For some of our students, just the very act of being in school leads to a chronic activation of their stress response. The article "On the minds of middle schoolers" by Erika Daniels serves as yet another validation of the impact of stress on adolescents. In the article, Daniels (2005) points out the many students continually struggle with heavier workloads, societal pressures, family and academic responsibilities, and hormonal changes. In addition, Daniels suggests that teachers "can address the issue of stress by teaching students specific coping skills that they have learned through the years." While teaching coping skills, such as tackling an assignment, organization, and time management, is beneficial, most research would suggest that it is not enough. Students would benefit more from a combination of coping skills training and brain-based teaching.

Teaching students about their brain, specifically the fight and flight response, and the body (physiological response to flight or fight response) and how it works when under stress is empowering. First, students learn that they have the power to control their stress from a physiological perspective. Just by practicing breathing techniques, they can lower their heart rate, loosen their muscles, and empty their mind. By just being conscious of their breath, students can improve their attention and focus. Second, they can learn quick fixes for stress, such as listening to music, reading, relaxing, etc. Third, by identifying fears and threats that trigger stress, along with identifying relaxation techniques, students are better equipped at facing and challenging those fears, as they know how to manage them when they surface.
When I returned from the conference, I went back into the classroom and team-taught two brain-based lessons. One was about long-term memory/low and high plasticity learning and the second was about mindsets. I was truly amazed at how engaged the students were in learning about their mind and how it impacts learning. It was like we were letting them in on secrets. They were enthralled, and in those moments I realized that if we do not let students think and learn about their main thinking/learning organ we are doing them an incredible disservice.